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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(5): 682-688, mayo 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389519

ABSTRACT

Background: Loxoscelism is an important public health problem in Chile and South America, due to the higher rate of cutaneous-visceral involvement. The diagnosis of loxoscelism is mostly clinical without established diagnostic criteria. There is little evidence to support any treatment used in this condition. Aim: To characterize the clinical features and epidemiology of loxoscelism among patients consulting at the Emergency and Dermatology Services of a clinical hospital between 2013 and 2017. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients registered in the electronic clinical record system with a confirmed diagnosis of loxoscelism. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory tests and treatment variables were analyzed. Results: We reviewed data from 200 patients. Ninety-four percent presented cutaneous loxoscelism and 5.5% cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Systemic symptoms were present in 73% of patients with cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Patients who developed systemic symptoms had an 18 times higher risk of developing cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Laboratory abnormalities were more common in patients with cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Not all patients with hematuria had cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Most patients required analgesia. Anti-loxosceles serum was not used in any patient. Conclusions: Many questions remain to be answered regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Studies are required to validate diagnostic criteria for loxoscelism, predictors for visceral involvement and response to treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Spider Venoms , Spiders , Pain , Chile/epidemiology
2.
Rev. argent. cir. plást ; 23(3): 100-102, 20170000. fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1390841

ABSTRACT

Las lesiones por mordedura de arácnidos del género Loxosceles producen lesiones locales y presentan pérdida de tejidos, con necrosis extensas que requieren cirugía reparadora. En algunos casos se observan lesiones sistémicas graves como hemólisis, coagulación intravascular diseminada e insufi ciencia renal aguda, que pueden desencadenar coma y muerte. Se aplicó un protocolo sistematizado basado en fasciotomías descompresivas, necrosectomías y posteriores coberturas con colgajos e injertos a pacientes que ingresaron con lesiones de aspecto necróticas con antecedente de contacto con arácnidos del género Loxosceles y clínica de miodermonecrólisis. Los casos tratados, evolucionaron favorablemente, con secuelas variables y sin comorbilidades importantes. Se presenta un modelo de protocolo actualizado, que permite efectivizar el tratamiento


The lesions for the arachnid's bite of the genus Loxosceles produce local lesions and present tissue loss whit extensive necrosis and required restorative surgery. In some cases, presents severe systemic lesions such as hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure can develop coma and death. Patients admitted with necrotic lesions with antecedent of contact with arachnids of the genus Loxosceles and clinic of miodermoncrelisis. A systematized protocol was applied based on decompressive fasciotomies, necrosectomies and posterior fl ap and graft coverage. The treated cases evolved favorably, without major comorbidities. An updated protocol model is presented, which allows eff ective treatment


Subject(s)
Humans , Arachnida , Spider Bites/therapy , Surgical Flaps/surgery , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Clinical Protocols , Transplants/surgery , Brown Recluse Spider , Necrosis/therapy
3.
Rev. méd. hered ; 27(3): 187-187, jul.-sept. 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-982883
4.
Rev. AMRIGS ; 59(2): 134-139, abr.-jun. 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-834139

ABSTRACT

Os acidentes com aranhas do gênero Loxosceles podem apresentar variadas evoluções clínicas, dificultando a realização do diagnóstico e a escolha correta de uma medida terapêutica. Este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo abordar os mais importantes mecanismos de evolução, principais desfechos e os tratamentos de escolha para o acidente loxoscélico (AU)


Accidents with Loxosceles genus spiders may have different clinical outcomes, hindering the diagnosis and the correct choice of a therapeutic measure. This review article aims to address the main mechanisms of evolution, main outcomes and treatments of choice for loxoscelic accident (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Brown Recluse Spider/pathogenicity , Spider Bites/complications , Spider Bites/physiopathology , Spider Bites/pathology , Spider Bites/prevention & control , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Brown Recluse Spider/enzymology
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(2): 230-233, abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-747526

ABSTRACT

Loxoscelism is a condition produced by the bite of Loxosceles laeta. It can present as cutaneous loxoscelism with only vascular dermal manifestations or as viscerocutaneus loxoscelism with systemic compromise and a mortality rate of 1 to 3%. We report the case of an adult patient presenting viscerocutaneus loxoscelism, who was evolving with macrohematuria, edema, and progressive blisters, requiring treatment in the intensive care unit. He was treated according to the actual scientific evidence with antihistamines, corticosteroids, and dual antibiotic therapy covering Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and anaerobes, particularly penicillin and tetracycline resistant C. perfringens. The use of dapsone and antiloxosceles-serum was avoided. The patient showed a favorable clinical evolution.


El loxoscelismo es producido por la mordedura de la araña Loxosceles laeta. Puede ser cutáneo, con alteraciones vasculares o cutáneo-visceral, con manifestaciones sistémicas y una mortalidad de 1 a 3%. Se presenta el caso de un paciente adulto con loxoscelismo cutáneo-visceral, que evolucionó con hematuria macroscópica, edema y aparición de flictenas en forma progresiva en antebrazo, requiriendo ser trasladado a la Unidad de Tratamiento Intermedio. Fue manejado según la evidencia científica actual que recomienda el uso de antihistamínicos, corticoesteroides y terapia antibacteriana asociada para la cobertura de Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. y bacterias anaerobias, especialmente C. perfringens resistente a penicilina y tetracilina, evitando el uso de dapsona y de suero anti-loxosceles. Evolucionó de manera favorable.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Skin Diseases/etiology , Spider Bites/complications , Viscera , Spider Bites/therapy
6.
Rev. méd. Maule ; 28(2): 82-87, dic. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-679621

ABSTRACT

The endemic presence of Loxosceles laeta species in Chile determines a constant validity of loxoscelism in clinical practice. Among their clinical scope, cutaneous loxoscelismis the most common presentation and it usually requires surgical management. The objective of this article is to review basic knowledge, epidemiologic data, clinical and therapeutic knowledge and advances in this disease based on the available evidence. Evidence does not support the routinary use of any pharmacological agent in cutaneous loxoscelism. General therapeutic measures, adequate analgesia, the delimitation of thedermonecrotic area and in cases if needed a conservative surgical approach are recommended. The use of antibiotics should be restricted to cases of concomitant infection. Emphasis should be on prevention of these injuries, stressing the importance of early consultation in the emergency service, and monitoring for signs and symptoms of the systemic compromise. A conservative surgical approach minimizes unnecessary morbidity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Spider Bites/complications , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Skin Diseases/etiology , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Spider Bites/prevention & control , Diagnosis, Differential
7.
Rev. cienc. salud ; 13(1): 61-70, dic. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-567078

ABSTRACT

Spiders of the genus Loxosceles have a wide world distribution. In Chile, the brown recluse spider Loxosceles laeta, commonly called the "corner spider", is one of the species which causes the clinical syndrome known as loxoscelism, poisoning by the accidental bite of this arachnid. Loxoscelism is characterized by dermonecrotic lesions (cutaneous loxoscelism), which in more severe cases (systemic loxoscelism) may be accompanied by intravascular hemolysis of erythrocytes and renal insufficiency with a high associated mortality. Treatment requires the precocious application of anti-venom, along with complementary measures based on the use of antihistamines, corticoids and antibiotics. The diagnosis, which currently is eminently clinical, should be accompanied by the identification of the spider when possible, due to the lack of diagnostic methods of rapid response applicable at the level of emergency clinics. The introduction of new tools based on recombinant proteins of highly immunogenic components present in the venom is a recently explored alternative. Preventive methods based on avoidance of contact with the spider continue to be the principal mechanism to avoid an endemic pathology with high risk of death in our region. The objective of this revision is to bring up to date fundamental aspects of loxoscelism, especially its epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical treatment.


Las arañas del género Laxosceles, tienen una amplia distribución mundial. En Chile, Laxosceles laeta (comúnmente conocida como “araña de los rincones”) es una de las especies causante del cuadro clínico conocido como loxoscelismo, envenenamiento por la mordedura de este arácnido por accidente. El loxoscelismo se caracteriza por lesiones dermonecróticas (loxoscelismo cutáneo), que en los casos más graves (loxoscelismo sistemáticos), se puede acompañar con hemólisis intravascular de los eritrocitos e insuficiencia renal con elevada mortalidad asociada. El tratamiento requiere la aplicación precoz del antisuero, junto a mediadas complementarias basada con el uso del antihistamínicos, corticoides y antibióticos. El diagnóstico, en la actualidad eminentemente clínico, debe ser acompañado por la identificación de los ejemplares, cuando es posible, ante la falta de métodos diagnóstico de respuesta precoz aplicable a nivel asistencial de urgencia. La introducción de nuevas herramientas basadas en proteínas recombinantes de componentes altamente inmunogénicos presentes en el veneno, es una alternativa explorada recientemente. Las medidas de prevención basadas en evitar el contacto con la araña, sigue siendo los principales mecanismos para evitar una patología endémica y con elevado riesgo de muerte en nuestra región. El objetivo de la presente revisión es actualizar aspectos fundamentales del loxoscelismo, especialmente sobre su epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/physiopathology , Spider Bites/therapy , Spider Bites/epidemiology
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 26(5): 420-432, oct. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-532132

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Loxoscelism represents a major public health problem for which there are no standard thera-peutic interventions. Objective: To review available scientific evidence on management of Loxoscelism Method: Systematic review of clinical studies. The search included múltiple databases (Medline, Lilacs, Embase, Web of Sciences, Cinahl, Pre-Cinahl, Paperfirst, Proceedingsfirst, Dissertations and Theses, Toxline, Cochrane Library), handsearch of references, and contact with experts. Results: Three clinical triáis of poor methodological quality were identified from 5,207 references found. One trial (n = 31), concluded that the use of dapsone was associated with fewer local complications than surgical treatment. A second study (n = 46), concluded that the use of dapsone was superior to clorfenamine for skin lesions. A third study (n = 95) concluded that there was no differences be-tween the use of oral dapsone, antivenom against anti-Loxosceles reclusa or a combination of both. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence based on good quality studies to recommend treatment guidelines for individuáis with skin or visceral loxoscelism.


Introducción: El loxoscelismo constituye un importante problema de salud pública, en el que no existen intervenciones terapéuticas estándares. Objetivo: Encontrar y analizar la evidencia científica relacionada al manejo de esta patología. Método: Revisión sistemática de estudios clínicos. La búsqueda incluyó múltiples bases de datos, búsqueda manual de referencias, y contacto con expertos. Resultados: Tres ensayos clínicos de pobre calidad metodológica fueron identificados. Uno de ellos (n = 31), encontró que el uso de dapsona se asoció con menos complicaciones locales, que el tratamiento quirúrgico. Un segundo estudio (n = 46), encontró que el uso de dapsona fue superior a clorfenamina, en mejorar la evolución de las lesiones cutáneas. Un tercer estudio (n = 95), no demostró diferencias entre el uso de dapsona oral, suero anti-Loxosceles recluso o una combinación de ambos. Discusión. No existe suficiente evidencia de buena calidad, que permita orientar la toma de decisiones, en el manejo de sujetos con loxoscelismo cutáneo o cutáneo-visceral.


Subject(s)
Humans , Spider Bites/complications , Skin Diseases/etiology , Spider Bites/therapy , Clinical Trials as Topic , Evidence-Based Medicine , Skin Diseases/therapy
10.
Salud pública Méx ; 51(2): 126-133, mar.-abr. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-511424

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados a la picadura de alacrán durante la recolección de maíz, entre campesinos del estado de Guerrero. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal hecho en 2004, sobre picaduras de alacrán durante el ciclo agrícola 2003, con encuesta a hogares en 14 comunidades del estado de Guerrero, seleccionadas de forma aleatoria. Se obtuvieron frecuencias simples y análisis bivariado para identificar los factores asociados a la picadura de alacrán durante la pizca de maíz. Se estimó razón de momios para valorar la magnitud del efecto. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de picadura de alacrán fue de 15 por ciento (500/3 294) en 2003. El empleo de guantes se acompañó de menor riesgo de picaduras de alacrán en la mano (RM = 0.11; IC 95 por ciento 0.06-0.18). Usar sólo un guante podría evitar 133 picaduras por cada 1 000 campesinos que ahora no los utilizan. Los costos implicados por la picadura de alacrán sumaron 505.90 pesos (46 dólares estadounidenses). CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario promover el uso de guantes entre campesinos que viven en zonas con alta endemicidad de alacranes. Asimismo, extender la red de suministro de suero antialacrán a toda el área rural donde predominan especies muy tóxicas y orientar a los campesinos sobre la importancia de buscar atención oportuna en las unidades de salud.


OBJECTIVE: Identify factors associated with scorpion stings among farm workers who pick corn in the Mexican state of Guerrero. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey in 14 randomly selected communities in the state of Guerrero.Simple frequencies were obtained and bivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with scorpion stings while picking corn. Odds ratio was estimated to evaluate the magnitude of the effect. RESULTS: The incidence of scorpion stings was 15 percent (500/3 294) in 2003. Use of gloves was associated with a dramatic reduction in risk of scorpion stings to the hands (OR = 0.11; IC95 percent 0.06-0.18). Scorpion stings are a frequent occupational health issue for farm workers. If the results of this survey were reproduced in an unbiased trial, the implication would be that gloves could prevent 133 stings per 1 000 farm workers who currently do not use gloves. The cost of medical attention, transportation and time away from work due to a scorpion sting totaled 505.90 pesos (46 US dollars). CONCLUSIONS: The use of gloves by farmers who live in regions where scorpions are endemic should be promoted. The supply network for anti-scorpion serum should also be extended to all rural areas where very toxic species are predominant and farmers should be educated about the importance of seeking timely medical care at health clinics.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/prevention & control , Spider Bites/prevention & control , Gloves, Protective , Scorpions , Absenteeism , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/economics , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/epidemiology , Spider Bites/economics , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Spider Bites/therapy , Cost of Illness , Cross-Sectional Studies , Gloves, Protective/economics , Mexico/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sampling Studies , Seasons , Young Adult , Zea mays
11.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 107(2): 152-159, abr. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-516048

ABSTRACT

Loxosceles es una araña de distribución mundial con características sinantrópicas. Su picadura se caracteriza por necrosis cutánea que, en un bajo porcentaje de casos, se acompaña de manifestaciones sistémicas. En los cuadros sistémicos lamortalidad puede ser elevada. No existen métodos de laboratorio para el diagnóstico asistencial, que se realiza por los signos clínicos y la identificaciónde los ejemplares. El tratamiento específico es la aplicación del antiveneno. El objetivo de esta presentación es brindar una actualización sobre las características de este envenenamiento, su diagnóstico y tratamiento dirigidos hacia el paciente pediátrico.


Loxosceles is a global distribution spider with synanthropic characteristics. It is responsible for skin necrosis that in a low percentage is accompanied by systemic manifestations. Mortality can be high when systemic manifestationsare present. There is no laboratory methods available for diagnostic. Clinical signs and identification of individuals lead to it. The applicationof antivenom is the specific treatment.The objetive of this presentation is to update on the characteristics of this poisoning, its diagnosis and treatment directed toward the pediatric patient.


Subject(s)
Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Spider Bites/physiopathology , Spider Bites/pathology , Spider Bites/therapy , Spiders/classification , Spiders/pathogenicity
12.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 50(6): 347-350, Nov.-Dec. 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-499798

ABSTRACT

A 12-year-old boy was referred with acute asymmetric pulmonary edema (APE) four-hour after scorpion sting to Emergency department. On admission, the main clinical manifestations were: dyspnea, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Chest x-ray revealed APE predominantly on the right hemithorax. The patient was treated with oxygen, intravenous frusemide and digoxin and discharged on the sixth hospital day in a good condition. This case report emphasizes the occurrence of asymmetric pulmonary edema after severe scorpion envenomation within few hours immediately after the sting.


Menino de 12 anos foi internado no Pronto Socorro, com edema pulmonar assimétrico agudo (APE), quatro horas após picada de escorpião. À admissão, as principais manifestações clínicas foram: dispnéa, taquipnéa e taquicardia. Raio X do pulmão revelou APE predominantemente no hemitórax direito. O paciente foi tratado com oxigênio, frusemida intravenosa e digoxina e teve alta no sexto dia de internação, em boas condições. Este relato de caso enfatiza a ocorrência de edema pulmonar assimétrico algumas horas após a picada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Humans , Male , Spider Bites/complications , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Scorpion Venoms/adverse effects , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Digoxin/therapeutic use , Furosemide/therapeutic use , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Pulmonary Edema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Edema/drug therapy , Scorpions
16.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 18(1): 42-49, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-530288

ABSTRACT

Ectoparasitosis are skin disorders caused by animal parasites living on the body surface. Scabies, pediculosis capitis, phthiriasis and demodecidosis are common skin infections in Chile. Worldwide, they are among the most frequent dermatoses, particularly in infancy and childhood. At present, effective treatments are available, however, some of the present drugsare toxic and some parasites are becoming resistant to common antiparasitic treatment. Loxoscelism, on the other hand, is caused by the bite of Loxosceles spiders, world-widedistributed, affects individuals of all ages, it may present two clinical forms cutaneous loxoscelism (CL) and viscerocutaneous loxoscelism (VCL). The cutaneous surface of limbs and face are the most frequently affected areas by CL. Local clinical manifestations are pain, edema and livedoid plaque, most of wich evolve into a necrotic scar in CL, whereas hematuria, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, fever and sensorial involvement characterise VCL. Spider bite continues to be a controversial subject worldwide and its treatment may be controversial. Physicians should be aware of this disease entity and its complications. This article summarises the therapeutically approach against these infections.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Animals , Female , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Ectoparasitic Infestations/therapy , Spider Venoms/poisoning , Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use , Larva Migrans/therapy
17.
Bol. Hosp. Viña del Mar ; 62(4): 231-238, dic. 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-455721

ABSTRACT

El loxoscelismo es una enfermedad de presencia mundial y es causada en Chile por la Loxosceles laeta o araña de los rincones. Entre los componentes enzimáticos del veneno inyectado está la esfingomielinasa D, causante de necrosis y hemólisis, principales características patológicas de la enfermedad. Sus presentaciones clínicas fundamentales son: el loxoscelismo cutáneo (80 por ciento) y el loxoscelismo cutáneo visceral (20 por ciento). El primero es un cuadro local de necrosis dermoepidérmica de extensión variada, que mayoritariamente evoluciona hacia la regresión con medidas conservadoras y que en el 10 por ciento requiere terapia quirúrgica. El cuadro cutáneo visceral es una variante grave, que requiere terapia precoz y agresiva de su componente sistémico, el que por la hemólisis intravascular que lo causa, puede producir daño renal y hepático y de otros parénquimas nobles. Su tratamiento es inespecífico y apunta a disminuir o modular la respuesta inflamatoria y sus efectos. Existe un antisuero cuya eficacia y seguridad de uso en humanos no ha sido aún demostrada y cuya indicación habitual no está difundida ni recomendada. Dada la gravedad que puede revestir este envenenamiento y de que no existen medidas específicas para contrarrestar su efecto, la recomendación principal es evitar el contacto con el agente, la araña Loxosceles laeta, erradicándola activamente del ambiente doméstico.


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Animals , Female , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Spider Bites/physiopathology , Chile , Adrenal Cortex Hormones , Spider Venoms , Spiders
19.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 52(1): 19-23, ene.-feb. 2005.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-426850

ABSTRACT

Loxoscelismo es el cuadro tóxico provocado por el veneno que arañas del género Loxosceles inyectan en el momento de la mordedura, siendo la especie laeta su única representante en Chile. El cuadro clínico puede presentarse en dos formas: loxoscelismo cutáneo y cutáneo-visceral, cada una de ellas con características distintivas. El objetivo del trabajo es actualizar la información existente sobre el manejo de este cuadro para lo cual se revisa la literatura chilena e internacional publicada (Medline, Cochrane y otras bases de dato). Se puede concluir que la alta frecuencia de consultas debido a mordedura de arañas obliga al médico a saber prevenirlas, diagnosticarlas y tratarlas. Aún no existen estudios que demuestren la efectividad de los tratamientos usados en nuestros días. Se sugiere que sería importante establecer un protocolo de manejo en nuestro hospital.


Subject(s)
Spider Bites/diagnosis , Spider Bites/therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Antidotes/therapeutic use , Spider Bites/epidemiology , Spider Bites/physiopathology , Spider Bites/prevention & control , Chile , Diagnosis, Differential , Edema/etiology , Poisoning/drug therapy , Spider Venoms
20.
Revue Marocaine des Maladies de L'Enfant. 2004; (3): 68-71
in French | IMEMR | ID: emr-68248
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